German dialects - a practical approach   

Wolfgang NÄSER, Marburg, invited lecture at Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, on March 10th, 2006

NB. In May 2010 all former *.ra samples were converted to *.mp3 and can be decoded best with the Windows Media Player

The German dialects or Mundarten are as old as interesting. They are vivid and colourful, powerful and expressive and can produce all sorts of utterances, be it grief or joy, humour and the philosophy of life. A hundred years ago there was the saying that German dialects were dying out but they have remained alive and active. To begin with a first sample: (Student) Last December Í ran into a 24-old student of English and German philology who spoke into my microphone:

This is Central Hessian dialect which, up to now, can be heard in many places around Marburg and Giessen.

The world of German dialects is a little universe of its own. Around 100.000 questionaires, 1.600 hand-painted maps, several thousands of indexed audio samples and other materials (the new digitized ones included) can be found in the archives of the Deutsche Sprachatlas in Marburg. Even my modest little archives contain so many recorded samples and other stuff that I would fail to remember all I gathered up to the present day. Here, in the Center of Excellence, I will confine myself to what may be an essence of working with dialects. As a philologist I look at them as whole entities, as forms of artistic variation, of enriching language power so I would not be very fond of the so-called deficit hypothesis of the last 60's. I chose to work on dialects because in my view they are no restricted codes and because I think that all these elaborated variants are not only perfectionized media of communication but can also serve as forms of art. So let me give to you some of my very personal views on dialects, finally presenting some of them to be experienced in an acoustical way, just as the blind people do because they don't have any other sense of decoding messages of that kind.

What is a dialect?
There were many attempts to describe and define the rise and nature of German Mundarten. Numerous articles and even monographs were written on dialect theory. As soon as structural linguistics had discovered them dialects turned to be exotic creatures worth being treated in a very special scientific way comprising abstraction and modeling of all sorts, not taking into account that a dialect can be understood and detected only when it sounds, when it is acoustically perceived. In the 19th century dialects were normally classified in a paradigmatic way, i.e. with regard to phonetics, morphology and sometimes syntax; as a result, a lot of Ortsgrammatiken (local grammars) were published. On top of that Ferdinand Wrede created his most sophisticated Einteilung (classification) of the German dialects. Dialect boundaries were described as bundles of isoglosses, dialect areas as honeycomb-like structures (see right). The influences and modifications of dialects were put in military terms thus trying to make these phenomena understandable. But, notwithstanding all these efforts of sophistication, it is the speaker himself who, without any scientific knowledge, is so perfectly able to decode a dialect and to differentiate it from that of the neighbouring village. Why is he able to do so? Because, since his first steps of language acquisition, he has internalized the mechanisms and the lexicon of his mother-tongue and he is thus capable of producing (encoding) and decoding it in an automatic or non-reflecting way, including most sophisticated semantic structures in the concrete and abstract lexical fields.

Linguists and philologists have been trying to define dialect and, with that, to differentiate between dialect and standard; here are some quotations. In his Foundations of studying German Linguistics (part 1) Bernhard Sowinski seems to give one of the best and most precise definitions (translation by me):

"Dialect is a mode of utterance

[Mundart ist stets eine "der Schriftsprache vorangehende, örtlich gebundene, auf mündliche Realisierung bedachte und vor allem die natürlichen alltäglichen Lebensbereiche einbeziehende Redeweise, die nach eigenen, im Verlaufe der Geschichte durch nachbarmundartliche und hochsprachliche Einflüsse entwickelten Sprachnormen von einem großen heimatgebundenen Personenkreis in bestimmten Sprechsituationen gesprochen wird".]

But, as you know, dialect is not always dialect. "You have dialects, we have accents", a London city guide tells me in the spring of 1988; that sounds a bit too simple; there are urban dialects and regional variants, e.g. the Yorkshire dialects which we know from James Herriot's "All Creatures Great and Small" and the Scottish, Irish and Australian vernaculars, and we have English dialect atlases accordingly.

Only a few languages seem to have such a variety of dialects as Germany has. Up to the present day they have remained present in the mass media, there are dialect theatre performances in many places; there is a dialect newscast in at least one of the official German radio stations, namely Radio Bremen, whereas the Norddeutsche Rundfunk is known for its entertainment program Wi snackt Platt which, on their website, is described as follows (translations by me):

"Siet 1993 gifft dat al uns Sendung "Wi snackt Platt" mit Geschichten von uns bekannten Schrievers as Ina Müller, Reimer Bull, Wolfgang Sieg un all de annern. Denn gifft dat overs ook jümmers wedder een plattdüütschen Klönsnack mit Lüüd, de uns wat ut ehr Leven to vertellen hefft: Schauspelers, Politikers, Handwarker, Buurn oder Seelüüd. Un denn sünd wi all söß Weken in´t Ohnsorg-Theater, wenn dor wedder een Premiere ansteiht. Dor gifft dat plattdüütsche Musik to von Gruppen as Godewind, Speelwark oder de Liekedeler, von Jochen Wiegandt, Lars & Dixi un Knut Kiesewetter."
"Seit 1993 gibt es unsere Sendung "Wir sprechen Platt" mit Geschichten von unseren bekannten Autoren wie Ina Müller, Reimer Bull, Wolfgang Sieg und anderen. Dann gibt es vor allem auch immer wieder ein plattdeutsches Gespräch mit Leuten, die uns was aus ihrem Leben zu erzählen haben: Schauspielern, Politikern, Handwerkern, Bauern oder Seeleuten. Und dann sind wir alle sechs Wochen im Ohnsorg-Theater, wenn dort wieder eine Premiere ansteht. Dazu gibt es dort plattdeutsche Musik von Gruppen wie Godewind, Speelwark oder de Liekedeler, von Jochen Wiegandt, Lars & Dixi und Knut Kiesewetter."
"Since 1993 there is our program "We speak dialect" with stories of our well-known authors such as Ina Muller, Reimer Bull, Wolfgang Sieg and others. Then, above all, there is our regular Platt German talk with people who have something to tell about their lives: actors, politicians, craftsmen, farmers or sailors. And every sixth week we are in the Ohnsorg theatre when a play has its opening night. There you can listen to Platt German groups such as Godewind, Speelwark or the Liekedeler, Jochen Wiegandt, Lars & Dixi and Knut Kiesewetter."

The Rise of German Mundarten

As for the development of the German dialects there are several theories. What we definitely know is that in the 6th century after Christ we have the first written inscriptions (on the spear blade of Wurmlingen, ca. 600, and the sword of Hailfingen, ca. 650) showing the so-called Second Sound Shift. This sound shift filtered German as an individual language or, as linguists said, dialect out of what is called the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family.

Let us look at our left-hand map which you can find in the Internet. The second sound shift means that the consonants /p/, /t/ and /k/ as in engl. pipe, tide, cake were converted to fricatives, namely /f/, /s/ and /ch/ as in germ. offen, beißen, Kuchen (for open, bite, cake) or affricates, namely /pf/, /ts/ and /kch/ as in germ. Pfeife, Zeit and Swiss German K-chu-e 'cow' or dank-che 'thank you'. The sound shift started in the south and, like a tidle wave, weakened on its way north until it ended in the sand. That means: in the southern zone (Oberdeutsch, Upper German: dark grey) we have a complete change towards fricatives or affricates in all positions (front, mid, end) whereas in the centre (Mitteldeutsch, Central German: north of the blue Main line) there is only partial change, e.g. in pepper > Peffer where we have p > pf in mid position. A very good example of this mixed development is Ripuarian, the vernacular spoken in Cologne and its surroundings which you know very well from the famous Cologne carnival or, as the native people say, Fastelovend. People there say that Kölsch is the only language you can drink, for Kölsch is also a special sort of beer produced in that region. In "et kütt" ('es kommt' = it happens) et (engl. it) represents Low German phonation, whereas in verzellen '(to tell) we find the characteristic HG sound shift. Kölsch is closely related to English which you can see or better hear in hallef for 'half' and other cases (see the Buuredanz and below).
In the northern zone Niederdeutsch (Low German; north of the red Benrath line) is spoken with 'true Germanic' phonation. Low German sounds seem to be closely related to Dutch, the neighbouring language of the Netherlands, Vlaams, one of the Belgian vernaculars, and English as far as its genuine germanic lexicon is concerned and the Norman heritage is excluded.

The second sound shift finished at around 1400, that is at the beginning of Early New High German. Of course there is no evidence with regard to how variants were articulated at that time. We have, however, written sources in the form of Old and Middle High German poetry and documents, the Urkunden; there are certain rhyme structures and analogies permitting conclusions on how certain syllables were pronounced.

These two maps (above and right) show the 4 main regions (north, central west, central east, south) and the main boundaries (isoglosses) of German dialects. The Uerdingen ik/ich line separates Low German from the Central zone (Mitteldeutsch); south of pp/pf Upper German begins; east of Nuremberg-Augsburg-Kempten they say enk (for 'euch', the accusative of the 2nd person plur.) which is Bavarian. West of this boundary you find East Franconian in the North and, in the "sym-badische Kontinent", the Southern Franconian, Swabian and Alemannic dialects; south of Kopf/Chopf there are the Swiss German variants. You find another very nice map here.
Map No. 4 (left) illustrates that part of the dialect zones of the former German Reich now belong to Poland and Russia, with the consequence that most of the respective ethnic communities have vanished. In our days, however, counter-tendencies can be observed, such as in Silesia (Schlesien) which was German up to 1945 and lost millions of its German population. Having been reconstructed, Breslau which is now called Wroclaw has developed a new sort of cultural self-assurance and identity; it is common knowledge now that this wonderful town's history grounds on Polish as well as German roots and that these two cultures, their language and civilization must co-exist, must go hand-in-hand so that no kind of hostility or war can ever emerge in the future.

German standard and / or dialects are still spoken in many foreign countries, e.g. in the former communist countries of Eastern Europe as well as in Northern Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, the USA, Canada, Mexico and Southern America (e.g. Blumenau). -> Deutsche Dialekte: Links, whereas, for political reasons, it has nearly vanished in states such as South Africa ("Nataler Deutsch") and Namibia (e.g. Windhoek; => on-line newspaper).

Naming the dialects

The main German dialects such as Bavarian, Franconian, Swabian were called after those Germanic tribes where they originated. On the other hand there is no general Hessian dialect or language (as Wikipedia states); it is considerably misleading to conclude, as tourists use to do, that the Gebabbel of the Frankfurt region is Hessisch. Hessen (which is the result of an administrative reform) developed 4 main dialects, namely that of Northern Hesse (around the city of Kassel), Central Hesse (including the Marburg and Giessen area), Eastern Hesse (around Fulda) and Southern Hesse (around Darmstadt which is south of Frankfurt). The north-western zone is neighbouring to Westphalia so in certain locations you can find the bruoken forms here, too.

As far as Low German or, as people say, Plattdeutsch is concerned we have a very flat land there indeed; on the other hand, "mir schwäddse Platt" means that you can find the speakers in the central area where Hessian and Palatine dialects (Pfälzisch) are located including those of the Moselle and Saar region. This Platt which is synonym with Dialekt or Mundart derives from Plat Dytsch which means plain German in the sense of simple German. It is interesting that native speakers often call their vernacular (den or das) Dialekt whereas the term Mundart is often used by linguists, just the same with Computer (the general term) and Rechner (used by professionals and / or scientists) ; not until 1969 the well-known Zeitschrift für Mundartforschung (Journal of Dialectology) changed its name to Zs. für Dialektologie und Linguistik when a new approach to dialects was made including computational evaluation.

Dialect continuum

As the European Linguistic Atlas proves German dialects must be seen in a greater context. There is a slight but constant change from region to region which can be seen when comparing the Dutch, the Low German and the Luxemburgish variants in the northern axis and the respective dialects in the southern direction. This linguistic variety functions as a mirror of ethnic and cultural differences and transitions, which makes Europe a well woven carpet of colourful and artistic patterns of sounds, words and phrases. So we can say that the "old Europe", as Donald Rumsfeld contemptuously called it, owns this linguistic variety as one of its most valuable treasures and that, furthermore, it is one of our most eminent tasks to preserve and to guard our languages and their variants with care and respect (Lit.: Peter Auer (ed.): Dialect change: convergence and divergence in European languages. Cambridge 2005)

Dialect versus Norm: the Emergence of the German Allgemeinsprache

In the OHG period the first written dialects came into being; later on these written variants were to play an enormous role in the quest for developing a German standard. The Urkundensprache at the court of emperor Karl IV., Johann v. Tepl's "Ackermann aus Böhmen" (> 1400, see right) and the texts of German mysticism mark the first steps towards a generally accepted Allgemeinsprache capable of abstracting, of philosophizing and of forming scientific hypotheses.

Our modern German Standardsprache or, as Mirra Guchman would say, deutsche Nationalsprache, was born by accident. You know the Deutsche Hanse; this trading organization was founded in the 13th century and went down at around 1500. The Hanse bureaus covered an area reaching from London to Nowgorod. The official Hanse language was Middle Low German which then spread to the center of Germany as we know from ancient documents (Urkunden). Had MLG become normative we would nowadays speak a sort of Dutch and say Goeie Dag to each other; but, when the Hanse went down in the 15th century, Middle Low German disappeared as written language and remained only in the North where Low German or Plattdeutsch has been used to the present day. In the 16th century the Upper Saxon Kanzleisprache became dominant. From 1516 on Martin Luther's (1483-1546) texts were printed in German; in 1522 he translated the New Testament, the problems of this work were dealt with in his "Sendbrieff vom Dolmetschen" which appeared in 1530. His Bible translation (see here) had a mighty effect on people all over Germany because here you could find powerful words and phrases which found their way into people's hearts. Here are some examples of his innovative vocabulary (translations by me):

anschnauben (snort at), auserwählt (chosen), Blutgeld (blood money), Dachrinne (gutter), durchsäuert (totally sour), Eifergeist (zealot), einpfropfen (graft), ernten (harvest), sich erregen (get annoyed), Feuereifer (enthusiasm, zest), Feuerofen (furnace), Flattergeist (waverer), Fleischtopf (meat pot, symbol of good life), die Friedfertigen (the peacemakers), gastfrei (hospitable), gottselig (blessed in God), (nach) Herzenslust (to one's heart's content), die Hohen Priester (the High Priests), Ihr Kleingläubigen (Oh you faint-hearted ones; 'o ye of little faith'), Kriegsknecht (mercenary), Lästerlippen (malicious tongues, blasphemists), Landpfleger (governor), Linsengericht (lentil dish, mess of potage), Menschenfischer (fishers of men, Mt. 4,19), Morgenland (orient), nacheifern (emulate, imitate), nachjagen (pursue, chase after), ihr Otterngezücht (adders' breed), plappern (chatter), Rüsttag (day of preparation), Rüstzeug (tools), in Schafskleidern (in sheep's clothings), Schaubrot (unleavened bread), störrisch (stubborn, obstinate), überschattet (darkened, shadowed), übertüncht (whitewashed), verdolmetscht (interpreted, translated), wetterwendisch (capricious), Zinsgroschen (payment of interest), zermalmen (crush)
(nach: Joh. ERBEN, Luther und die deutsche Schriftsprache. In: Dt. Wortgeschichte I, 439-492)

Simultaneously, at the beginning of the 16th century, a third variant of written German originated, the Viennese Kanzleisprache or Gemeines Deutsch which was used in the court of the emperor Maximilian I (1493-1519). Had this variant become normative we would, in our days, speak and write a sort of Bavarian, i.e. paur instead of Bauer (peasant) or we would say Grüß Gott instead of Guten Tag or Hallo when meeting outside our homes.

In the course of its further development the New High German lingua franca which we know only in its written form underwent numerous changes and was used in jurisdiction and as a literary language, too. 1521 The reformer Ulrich von Hutten declares believing in a "Teutsch nation in ihrer sprach", 1526-1528 the famous Paracelsus gives his Basel lectures in German, 1525 Albrecht Dürer's geometrical reference book "Unterweisung der Messung" (instruction on the art of measuring) appears. In his "Orbis pictus" (1658) Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1670) the German language shows as understandable as could be accepted for didactical use.

Thus, at the end, a regional variant had become normative and, so to speak, the mother of our present-day standard German. On the other hand, each of the competing variants hypothetically could have been chosen as standard. So we could ask ourselves whether to regard the German dialects as autonomous, independent and even productive systems or, merely, as subordinate and thus less important ones. Often dialects are regarded as an inferior type of language restricted to lower-class people, which is as arrogant as stupid because, as we shall see, most of the dialects developed an ambitious literature with prose texts and poetry.

The dialect variety

"In the German linguistic area there is probably not a village or even a hamlet which is not in some way linguistically differentiated from its neighbours. It has been shown that even within a small isolated village there is no linguistic uniformity. There are differences between the generations, the sexes and individual families in the smallest isolated speech community."
R.E. KELLER, German Dialects, Manchester 1961, p.11

Besides the ptk-shift there are many other reasons why dialects were formed with distinctive features such as individual phonation, inflection, word-formation, phraseology and / or syntax. Basically there is a cross-relationship between linguistic development and territorial history. The large German-speaking area is divided into many sub-areas as you have a lot of rivers, lakes, mountains and other geographical obstacles forming natural boundaries and thus creating fenced-in places with their own population, culture and vernacular. Territories like that were often ruled by local gentry such as counts or princes who told their people even what sort of religious confession they had to follow. Culture and language developed individually in those regions. In the aera of feudalism hundreds of independent midget territories ("Kleinstaaterei") were founded as isolated zones of life, trade, and communication. In the middle of the 17th century, there were about 300 independent political regions in Germany which meant that, when traveling a considerable low distance, you had to cross at least several borders, pay toll etc. and that you could find individual variants of spoken German in each of these little countries. Thus, a host of local dialects originated, developed further and were handed over to the following generations; a lot of those variants have survived and are still used in domestic life or industrial work where people can use their vernacular to discuss problems of all sorts; dialect here becomes a language of solidarity.

One very interesting feature of German dialects is the so-called shibboleth, a Hebrew word meaning 'sign of recognition'. The shibboleth is one single word or phonetic sequence which gives you a clue to what type of dialect (and cultural context) is dealt with. It is amazing that you can recognize a dialect by hearing only one special word or sound. Here are some well-known shibboleths.

Some phenomena such as gutturalization in wing for 'wine' or palatalization of initial /k-/ in tchinner 'children' can be found in more than one dialect region which may be explained by the fact that settlers or merchants took their language with them when moving to distant regions.

Contrary to the German standard many dialects have individual words and phrases for expressing emotions such as fear, joy, love or hatred, for cursing or declarating love. Dialects are mirrors of ethnicity, of regional culture and feeling, and they correlate with the type of landscape, too. The flatter it is the more monosyllabic words and less phonetic resources you will find; the more mountains, lakes, flowers there are the more types of sounds and inflection will be in the respective regional and local dialects. There is a so-called Mundartgefälle (decrease / increase of dialect usage). The more south you go the more dialect is spoken generally, even in the middle and even upper classes. At the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule where Albert Einstein got his diploma you may come across a lecture on nuclear physics in Swiss German phonation which is a strong piece of evidence of how regional variants act in ethnic identification.

If you want a more recent example please listen to helicopter pilot Christian von Almen (see screenshot on the right) when, in ZDF "Abenteuer Wissen" (the adventure of knowledge") on February 8th, 2006, he describes his difficult job of hoisting heavy loads such as a 5 ton TV antenna tower to the top of a 200-m-high chimney in Swiss German phonation.

"Also es ist Millimeterarbeit, die wir da machen; man hat gar keinen Spielraum; bis tausend Kilo ist es einfacher, da können die Leute unten helfen, und bei fünf Tonnen, da können sie nicht mehr viel helfen; sie können ein bißchen stabilisieren, aber sie können die Last nicht mehr ziehen und so, da muß man alles ziemlich selber machen."
"Well, it's a delicate piece of manoeuvring; there is no tolerance; up to 1.000 kilos it is easier and people down there can help, but with 5 tons they can't help any longer, they can only stabilize the load, they can't tow it and so you rather have to do all of that yourself."

Changes are everywhere

As we have seen a linguistic variant becomes normative as soon as it succeeds in bringing about generally-accepted conventions. The new-born standard keeps being adjusted according to changing times with their individual innovations and challenges. Here one might conclude that the dialects tend to remain static because they aren't used generally by a large speech community in multiple situations. While in foreign-country linguistic enclaves, the Sprachinseln, dialects and culture have remained conservative there are changes in many local German dialects. Here you find a lot of linguistic contacts with neighbouring communities, and new family members coming from distant areas import their words and phrases which are implanted in the local dialect. Sometimes, the local dialect is learned as a target language by talented speakers such as Karl Trust who I met in January this year. Having grown up in Sarrebruck and learned its dialect, he later on went to Central Hessian Willershausen, a tiny village the dialect of which he then acquired up to perfection. You can hear this when he says Wenker phrase No. 16 in both dialects: [1] 35119 Rosenthal-Willershausen (Low Hessian / Rhine Franconian) [2] Saarbrücken (Saar dialect).

To a certain extent dialects get normatized too, when establishing themselves as a means of expressing identity. Identity bases on clearly definable facts and features otherwise a dialect speaker would be unable to say that someone is coming from a neighbouring village and thus no member of his own community. He can do so because he knows the distinctive features of  his very own dialect, and that is enough. While standard continuously gets refined and keeps adopting neologisms the dialects too get modified; they have to find names or phonetic equivalents for cultural innovations just as the young people innovate their specific language which tends to change every decade.

[K.H. KÄSINGER on "Dialect at school" in Hessian Schwalm dialect, May 2001]. Experienced teachers believe that people mastering and clearly discerning two variants do not make as many mistakes as those using a sort of mixed type of language containing elements of standard and regional German. In present-day Germany lots of young people carelessly using anglicisms are no longer able to read ambitious texts with words and phrases which are too "German" to be understood.

As far as the awareness of German dialects is concerned we find a famous passage as early as 1300 when Hugo von Trimberg (ca. 1235-1313), a Franconian poet and teacher, first mentions lantsprâchen, i.e. areal languages, which is practically the first German expression for Mundarten. His didactical epic poem "Der Renner" (containing 24.611 verses) is one of the comprehensive encyclopaedic works following the tradition to sum up the knowledge of that time. Knowing human nature, Hugo allegorically castigates the seven cardinal sins and criticizes the estates of his time, accusing the nobility of arrogance and luxury and saying that the clergy was as greedy as ignorant. Despising knighthood and courtly life, he feels sympathetic with the poor who have no rights. The author's high regard of his origin and dialect conveys a certain feeling of solidarity which may be one reason why the "Renner" was copied many times even in Hugo's lifetime, thus spreading forward and gaining popularity. Let us see what Hugo writes about areal languages:
Von manigerlei sprâche

22261 An sprâche, an mâze und an gewande
           Ist underscheiden lant von lande. ...

22265 Swâben ir wörter spaltent,
           Die Franken ein teil si valtent,
           Die Beier si zezerrent,
           Die Düringe si ûf sperrent,
           Die Sahsen si bezückent,
22270 Die Rînliute si verdrückent,
           Die Wetereiber si würgent,
           Die Mîsener si vol schürgent,
           Egerlant si swenkent,
           Oesterrîche si schrenkent,
22275 Stîrlant si baz lenkent,
           Kernde ein teil si senkent,
           Bêheim, Ungern und Lamparten
           Houwent niht mit tiutscher barten,
           Franzois, Walhe und Engellant,
22280 Norweye, Yberne sint unbekant
           An ir sprâche tiutschen liuten;
           Nieman kan ouch wol bediuten
           Kriechisch, jüdisch und heidenisch,
           Syrisch, windisch, kaldêisch:
22285 Swer daz mischet in tiutsch getihte,
           Diu meisterschaft ist gar ze nihte.
           Die lantsprâche dâ vor genant
           In tiutschen landen sint bekant:
           Swer ûz den iht guotes nimt,
22290 Daz wol in sînem getihte zimt,
           Mich dünket dern habe niht missetân,
           Tuot erz mit künste und niht nâch wân.
           Wenne Westfalen und manigin lant,
           Diu hie belibent ungenant,
22295 In Tiutschen landen sint bekant,
           Aleine si maniger zungen hant
            Würgen, zwicken und binden
            Vorn, mitten und hinden.
            Wenne T und N und R
22300 Sint von den Franken verre
           An maniges wortes ende:
           Wer wil dâr üm si pfende,
           Ob Swanfelder ir wörter lengent
            Und Babenberger ir sprâche brengent
22305 Von den hülsen ûf den kern?
            Ein ieglîch mensche sprichet gern
            Die sprâche, bî der er ist erzogen.

 On various languages

As far as languages, measures and clothing are concerned
The regions differ from each other.

The Swabians split their words,
The Franconians fold them,
The Bavarians drag them,
The Thuringians open them wide,
The Saxons speak them rapidly,
The Rhenish press them,
The Wetteravians strangle them,
The Meissen people drive them out,
The Egerlanders wave them,
The Austrians intertwine them,
The Styrians optimize them,
The Carinthians partially lower them,
Bohemians, Hungarians and Lombardians
Do not use the german battleaxe,
The French, The Welsh and England,
Norway and Ypern are unknown
To Germans as to their language,
No one can well explain to you
Greek, Hebrew and Heathenish,
Syrian, Wendish and Chaldeian,
Intermixing that with german writing
Will futilize all work of art.
The areal languages mentioned above
Are well-known in german countries.
Whoever takes from them
Which may be apt for his writing
Would, I think, not be mistaken,
In case he does so with expertise and not at random
For Westphalia and many other regions
Remaining unmentioned here
Are well-known in german countries
A lot of tongues are spoken there
They strangle, pinch and tie their words
In front, in the middle and at the end
As T and N and R
Are missing in Franconia
At the end of so many words
Who would blame them
When Schwanfeld people stretch their words
and Bambergians permeate their speech
from the hull to the stone?
Every man likes to use
The language in which he was tought.

Babenberger here: 'people from Bamberg; Swanfeld Schwanfeld (district of Schweinfurt; where Walther von der Vogelweide is said to have lived)

In lines 22299 ff. Hugo describes his own Franconian dialect; as to the rest we have to guess what he wants to tell us; on the other hand, here we have the first attempt to characterize dialects and to allocate them to their speakers.

Another dialect which is not mentioned here played an enormous role even in early texts and the history of dialects. The Cuxhaven garden stone on the left-hand side shows you all the important characteristics of  Low German. "Do what you want (or: whatever you do) people keep talking". Up to the present, snacken has been a typical LG expression for talk or chat; we can find it as early as in the 13th century when, in his Meier Helmbrecht, Wernher der Gaertenaere uses LG elements to characterize what he regards as the language of the simple-minded, naive person, the dorpaere (the origin of NHG Tölpel 'fool'), that is someone living in a village and unable to get higher-level education. On the other hand such a characterization is injust because, as the following sample shows, Low German was then used for writing official documents:

"Wi Ropraght (...) bekennen vnde don / kunt / allen die dessen bref sien vnde horen lesen dat wi hebbet ghelouet vnde louen in dessen ghyghenwarden breue / dat wi (...) maket vnde kundyghen  (...) / Desse bref is ghegheuen / des gude(n)daghes vor Sante vrbanes daghe in den iare also man tellet van godes ghebort dusent drihu(n)dert vnde eyne(n)twintygh iar"

In 1652 the professor of mathematics and poetry and linguistic purist Johann Lauremberg (1590-1658) is very self-assured in practicing Low German when he praises his Mecklenburg vernacular in the following lines "Van alemodischer Poesie und Rimen" (on fashionable poetry and rhyming; I leave this document to you for further studies):

Wat kann man bringen her vör Argument und Gründe,  
dormit jemand van juw richtig bewisen kunde
de Mening, dat van der hochdüdschen Sprake mehr
als van unser nedderdüdschen to holden wer?
Unse Sprake blifft altit bestendig und vest,
als se ersten was, even so is se ok lest.
Juwe verendert sick alle vöfftig Jahr,
dat könen de Schriften bewisen klar.
Wille gi mi nicht gelöven, so möge gi upsöken,
wat geschreven und gedrücket is in olden Böken.
Einer kann mit goter Möi kum dre Regen lesen
van der Sprak, de domals is im Gebruk gewesen.
Se is so lappisch und so verbrüdisch,
dat men schier nicht weet, of it Welsch is edder Düdisch.
So bunt is se und so vernaten,
als wenn se in eine nie Form were gegaten.
Ja, se is so jammerlick verworen,
als were se gewest bim Babylonschen Toren
Men de Sprake in ganz Nedder Sachsen Land
blifft unverrückt und hefft Bestand
dat werd geredt von altomalen
in Meckelnborg, Pommern und Westfalen,
in den andern Landschoppen desgeliken,
einerlei Sprake, darvon se nicht wiken		 Was kann man denn für Argumente vorbringen,
womit jemand von euch rechtfertigen könnte
die Meinung, daß von der hochdeutschen Sprache mehr
als von unser niederdeutschen zu halten wär?
Unsere Sprache bleibt allzeit beständig und fest,
wie sie zuerst war, ist sie auch noch zuletzt.
Eure verändert sich alle fünzig Jahr,
das können die Schriften beweisen klar.
Wollt ihr mir nicht glauben, so mögt ihr aufsuchen,
was geschrieben und gedruckt ist in alten Büchern.
Einer kann mit aller Mühe kaum drei Reihen lesen
von der Sprache, die damals in Gebrauch gewesen.
Sie ist so läppisch und so verdorben,
daß man schier nicht weiß, ob sie welsch ist oder deutsch.
So bunt ist sie und so durchweicht,
als wäre sie in eine neue Form gegossen.
Ja, sie ist so jämmerlich verworren,
als wäre sie gewesen beim Babylonschen Turm
Doch in der Sprache im ganzen Niedersachsenland
bleibt unverrückt und hat Bestand
daß geredet wird schon immer
in Mecklenburg, Pommern und Westfalen,
in den anderen Landschaften desgleichen,
in einerlei Sprache, wovon sie nicht weichen.
(from: BOSCH, Manfred (ed.): Mundartliteratur. Frankfurt u.a. 1979, p. 82 Standard German translation and glossary by W. Näser)

Gründe reasons; von juw of you; bewisen testify, witness; kunde could; Mening meaning; dat that; Sprake language (cf. speech); mehr more; holden think (cf. hold); blifft stays, remains; bestendig constant; fest fast; as se ersten was as it was first; even even; lest at last; juwe yours; verendert sick changes; vöfftig Jahr fifty years; können can; Schriften scriptures; klar clearly; wille gi will you; gelöven believe; möge gi may you; upsöken seek; geschreven written; gedrücket printed; in olden Böken in old books; mit guter Möi with a lot of effort; kum hardly; dre Regen three lines; domals then; im Gebruk in use; lappisch ridiculous; verbrüdisch corrupted; dat man schier nicht weet that you simply don't know; of it Welsch whether it is Welsh, Roman; edder or (cf. other); Düdisch German (cf. Dutch); bunt colourful; vernaten wet, inconsistent; gegaten cast, moulded; jammerlik pitifully; verwor(r)en confused, muddled; als were se gewest as if it (=the language) had been; bim Babylonschen Toren near the Tower of Babylon; Nedder Sachsen Land country of Lower Saxonia; blifft unverrückt remains unchanged; hefft Bestand is persistent; dat werd geredt that is spoken; von altomalen always; Landschoppen regions (cf. landscape); desgeliken as well; einerlei the same; darvon se nicht wiken which they will stick to (which they will not give up)

In the last decades Low German encountered a sort of revival and brought about a new feeling of identity throughout the northern German speaking territories. As I stated earlier there are newscasts in Plattdeutsch and there is a Low German issue of the Wikipedia which introduces itself as follows:

"De Wikipedia is en free Nokieksel in mehr as 100 Spraken, wo jedereen an mitwarken kann. Man to! Schriev rin, wenn du wat weetst. Kiek na bi de Infos för Niege un bi Hülp. Siet April 2003 is de plattdüütsche Utgaav vun de Wikipedia an't Wassen un hett in dissen Momang 2.114 Artikels. Alle Artikels staht ünner de GNU-Lizenz för fre'e Dokumentatschoon."
"The Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia in more than 100 languages to which everyone can contribute. Off you go! Write in what you know. Look up the infos for newcomers and on help. Since April 2003 the Low German issue of the Wikipedia is growing and, in this moment, contains 2.114 articles all of which are distributed under the GNU free documentation license."

Dialects in literature and poetry

Entering that special subject I should like to refer to Jazz. This form of musical expression originated around 1900 in the New Orleans area. Similar to many dialects it first served as a vehicle for articulating all sorts of concern among the black people there. Later on this musical vernacular developed branching out into several style variants. There was a similar development towards literature and styles when dialect was used to write down all sorts of emotions and thoughts, ranging from traditional rural idyll to new creative forms of expression. Fritz Reuter (1810-1874), Klaus Groth (1819-1899) and Ludwig Thoma (1867-1921) belong to the most excellent dialect poets around 1900.

In our first example Klaus Groth glorifies his mother tongue; the text was written on Fehmarn island (in the Baltic Sea). Trying to preserve metrics, I translated it into standard German (in 1996) and into English (just for this lecture).

Min Modersprak, wa klingst du schön!
Wa büst du mi vertrut!
Weer ok min Hart as Stahl un Steen,
Du drevst den Stolt herut.

Du bögst min stiwe Nack so licht
As Moder mit èrn Arm,
Du fichelst mi umt Angesicht.
Un still is alle Larm.

Ik föhl mi as en lüttjet Kind,
De ganze Welt is weg.
Du pust mi as en Voehrjahrswind
De kranke Boss torecht.

Min Obbe folt mi noch de Hann'
Un seggt to mi: Nu bè!
Un "Vaderunser" fang ik an,
As ik wul fröher dè.

Un föhl so deep: dat ward verstan,
So sprickt dat Hart sik ut.
Un Rau vun'n Himmel weiht mi an,
Un allns is wedder gut!

Min Modersprak, so slicht un recht,
Du ole frame Rèd!
Wenn blot en Mund "min Vader" seggt,
So klingt mi't as en Bèd.

So herrli klingt mi keen Musik
Un singt keen Nachdigal;
Mi lopt je glik in Ogenblick
De hellen Tran hendal.

 O Muttersprache, klingst du rein!
Wie bist du mir vertraut!
Wär' auch mein Herz wie Stahl und Stein,
Du triebst den Stolz heraus.

Du beugst den steifen Hals so leicht
Wie Mutters lieber Arm,
Du schmeichelst mir ums Angesicht
Und weg ist aller Harm.

Ich fühl mich wie ein kleines Kind,
Die Welt ist einerlei.
Du bläst mir wie ein Frühjahrswind
Den kranken Busen frei.

Großvater faltet mir die Hand
Nun bete, ist sein Rat.
Und "Vater unser" fang ich an
Wie ich es früher tat.

Die Rede wirkt, schenkt neuen Mut,
So spricht das Herz sich aus;
Himmlische Ruhe weht mich an
Nun ist es wieder gut.

O Muttersprache, recht und schlicht,
Du alte, fromme Red'.
Wenn nur ein Mund 'mein Vater' sagt,
So klingt mir's wie Gebet.´

So herrlich klingt keine Musik,
Singt keine Nachtigall;
Mir läuft im selben Augenblick
ein Tränenstrom zutal.

 My mother tongue, you sound so clear,
I know you from my start,
And even with a heart of steal
I'd lose my pride at last

So easily you bend my neck
As mother with her arm,
Caressing me around my face
And gone is every harm.

You make me feel a little child
And all the world is void.
You're blowing like a wind in spring
My bosom's free again.

My grandpa folds my very hands
And says to me "Pray now!"
With "Our Father" then I start
As in my early days.

It is so deep, I understood,
It's coming from my heart,
And heaven's silence sways to me
And all is good again.

My mother tongue, so plain and true,
So pious and so old,
When saying "father" in my tongue
It sounds as if I'd pray

No music is as wonderful
No chants of nightingales
This very moment lots of tears
Run down my face so fast.

In the second half of the 20th century we have Herbert Achternbusch (*1938, Upper Bavarian), Dieter Bellmann (*1930) and Walter A Kreye (Low German), Franz Xaver Kroetz (Bavarian), Peter Kuhweide (Westphalian), Kurt Sigel (* 1931, Frankfurt Hessian), Ludwig Soumagne (Low Rhenish Ripuarian), André Weckmann (Low Alsatian) and others.

The following samples were taken from: BOSCH, Manfred (ed.): Mundartliteratur. Frankfurt u.a. 1979, each one given with its standard German and English equivalent (by me). Contrary to former idyllic description poetry now emancipates as a tool of social criticism as can be seen first in the few Swabian lines Georg Holzwarth (*1943) writes on the German saying "Von nichts kommt nichts" (you don't get anything without effort):

Wenn e sauf
no wer e bsoffa
wenn e schaff
no wer e miad
ond
wenn e gar nex dua
no schlof e ei
aber
von was
kommt bloß
mei Wuat
dui Sauwuat		 Wenn ich sauf
dann werd ich besoffen
wenn ich schaff
dann werd ich müd
und
wenn ich gar nichts tu
dann schlaf ich ein
aber
wovon
kommt bloß
meine Wut
die Sauwut		 When I drink
I get stocious
when I work
I get tired
and
when I don't do anything
I fall asleep
but
what the hell
is the cause
of my rage
of my bloody damn rage

Eberhard Wagner (* 1938) writes his notions on men's work in Bayreuth Franconian:

1
die ärwad is ka fruusch
sie hubfd da ned davoo
2  
fang nix oo
dann braugsd nix aufheern
3  
a ärwad
muß ihr geld werd saa
owa kan bfenning driewa
4  
mei ärwad und miich
uns zwaa schbannd as geld zam
wie as woochscheid die ogsn
5  
wer schufdn dud
auf mord und exbress
der muß damid rächna
daßa im grund
auf mord und kabudd
schufdn dud
6
wenn die ärwad
amoll schdärbd
noch geh i auf ihr leich
und kaaf ara an schensdn gronz
7
za duud gärwad
is aa gschdorm		 1
die Arbeit ist kein Frosch
sie hüpft dir nicht davon
2
fang nichts an
dann brauchst du nichts aufzuhören
3
eine Arbeit
muß ihr Geld wert sein
aber keinen Pfennig mehr
4
meine Arbeit und mich
uns zwei spannt das Geld zusammen
wie das Waagscheit die Ochsen
5
wer schuftet
auf Teufel komm raus im Akkord
der muß damit rechnen
daß er im Grunde
auf Teufel komm raus sich kaputt
schuftet
6
wenn die Arbeit
mal stirbt
dann geh ich zu ihrer Beerdigung
und kauf ihr den schönsten Kranz
7
sich zu Tode gearbeitet
ist auch gestorben		 1
work is no frog
it doesn't leap away
2
don't start anything
so you mustn't stop anything
3
work
must be worth hard cash
down to the last penny
4
my work and me
money ties us together
as the bar does with the oxen
5
whoever slogs away
in a murderous haste
has to reckon
with the simple fact
that he works himself
to death
6
when work
happens to die
I join its burial
Laying down the most beautiful wreath
7
having slogged to death
is a way of dying, too

The Dreiländereck (Dreyeckland) unites German, Swiss and French speakers in their Alemannic dialect which, here, becomes a vehicle of protest against environmental pollution and nuclear power stations. Let us hear André Weckmann's Ringold (Rhine Gold, in Alsatian Alemannic), the "three gentlemen" mentioned there represent the three respective countries polluting nature and running nukes:

Es hucke drej Herre am Rhin
un speele Ruhr uf Franzeesch
un uf Ditsch, metme Zaichebrätt dr Aant
met Millioneschecks de Zwait
met Gummiknettel de Drett

Es hucke drej Herre am Rhin
un werfle e bumbischs Schicksal erüs
"Vive Fessene!" roeft dr Aant
"Pfui Marckolse!" breelt de Zwait
"Panzer nach Wyhl!" bellt de Drett´

Es brunze drej Herre am Rhin
em Namme vun Technik, Macht un Finanz
E Phenolrischel dr Aant
e Quäckselwerlache de Zwait
e salzige Sudd de Drett´

Es spalte drej Herre am Rhin
met goldiche Axe Kärne Atom
De Hauklotz isch min Land!
Es hucke drej Herre am Rhin
Wann kejje mr se nin?

 Es hocken drei Herren am Rhein
und spielen Ruhrgebiet auf Französisch
und auf Deutsch, am Reißbrett der erste,
mit Millionenschecks der zweite,
mit Gummiknüppeln der dritte.

Es hocken drei Herren am Rhein,
und würfeln ein bombiges Schicksal heraus,
"Viva Fessenheim", ruft der erste,
"Pfui Marckolsheim" brüllt der zweite
und "Panzer nach Wyhl" der dritte.

Es pinkeln drei Herren am Rhein
im Namen von Technik, Macht und Geld.
Eine Phenolpfütze der erste,
eine Quecksilberlache der zweite,
einen salzigen Sud der dritte.

Es spalten drei Herren am Rhein
mit goldenen Äxten Atom
Der Hackklotz ist mein Land!
Es hocken drei Herren am Rhein -
Wann werfen wir sie hinein?

 Three gentlemen sit at the Rhine 
playing Ruhr in the French and
in the German way,
      with a drawing board the first,
with million dollar cheques the second
with truncheons the third

Three gentlemen sit at the Rhine
throwing their dice for a smashing plan
"Long live Fessenheim!" the first shouts,
"Fie on Marckolsheim!" the second roars,
"Send tanks to Wyhl!" the third yells

Three gentlemen pee at the Rhine
in the name of technology, power and cash
the first a trickle of phenol
the second a puddle of mercury
the third a salty mess

Three gentlemen at the Rhine
split atoms with axes of gold
the chopping-block is my land!
Three gentlemen sit at the Rhine
When do we throw them in?

Finally a sample of dialect prose. Ulla Hahn (* 1946) who grew up in the Rhine area, studied German philology and finally was promoted PhD, thoroughly demonstrates the Rhenish dialect of Dondorf ("Dondörp", near Cologne) in her debut novel "Das verborgene Wort" (the hidden word). Let me quote one of the numerous passages (p. 479 f.):
"Nä (...), dat Heldejaad met singe Kamelle. Hür leever ens, wat dat Alma us verzällt hätt. En Röppresch hät sesch de Frau vom Dokter ömjebrät. Met Jeff. Mit Gift. Vürher hät dat Minsch dä ärme Kääl, dä Dokter, noh Strisch un Fade bedrore, und dobei noch Schulde jemaat, in de Zischtausende. Dann han se däm de janze Bud leerjerömp. Met däm Jerischtsvollzieher. Övverall dä Kuckuck drop. Un dann ab dursch de Mitte." (...) Dat Minsch wor schläät. Juut, dat et duut es. Un se han et och noch nit ens rischtisch bejrave. Et litt bei de Evanjelische in dä Eck für de Jlaubenslosen. Nein, die Hildegard mit ihren Geschichten. Hör lieber mal, was die Alma uns erzählt hat. In Rüpprich hat sich die Arztfrau umgebracht. Mit Gift. Vorher hat die Schlampe den armen Kerl, den Doktor, nach Strich und Faden betrogen und dabei noch Schulden gemacht, in die -zigtausende. Dann haben sie dem die ganze Bude leergeräumt. Mit dem Gerichtsvollzieher. Überall den Kuckuck drauf. Und dann ab durch die Mitte. (...) Das Mensch war schlecht. Gut, daß sie tot ist. Und sie haben sie auch noch nicht mal richtig begraben. Sie liegt bei den Evangelischen in der Ecke für die Ungläubigen. Oh boy, Hildegard with her stories. Let's hear what Alma told us. In Rupprich the doctor's wife killed herself. With poison. Before that this slut had often cuckolded the doctor, the poor chap, running up a lot of debts up to ten thousands. Then they cleared his apartment, took away everything, with a bailiff putting his seal everywhere, and off they went. (...) What an evil woman she was. Thank heavens she's dead. And they even didn't bury her decently. She is with the protestants, in the disbelievers' corner.

Our last sample shows that in vocal music, too, dialect may act as a mouthpiece of lower social classes. So, in 1742, Christian Friedrich Henrici (called Picander) uses part of Saxonian dialect in his libretto of Johann Sebastian Bach's Bauernkantate (peasants' cantata) BWV 212 where a vocal duetto opens singing "Mer hahn en neue Oberkeet" (which I recorded on May 1st, 2k4 in the new Bachhaus of Bad Hersfeld)

Mer hahn en neue Oberkeet
An unsern Kammerherrn.
Ha(r) gibt uns Bier, das steigt ins Heet,
Das ist der klare Kern.
Der Pfarr' mag immer böse tun;
Ihr Speelleut, halt' euch flink!
Der Kittel wackelt Mieken schun,
Das klene luse Ding.		 Wir haben eine neue Obrigkeit
In unserem Kammerherrn.
Er gibt uns Bier, das steigt ins Haupt,
Das ist der klare Kern.
Der Pfarrer mag immer böse tun,
Ihr Spielleut', seid bereit!
Der Kittel wackelt der Mieke schon,
Das kleine lose Ding.		 We've been given a new master now,
It's our Chamberlain.
He gives us beer, we're happy then,
That is the real thing.
The parson may be cross at length
Musicians, be prepared!
And Mieke's smock is shaking now,
Lo that tiny cheeky thing.

Dialect portrays local people in Ludwig Thoma's one-act-play "Erster Klasse" and the working class in Gerhart Hauptmann's "Die Weber" (1893). In Jürgen von Mangers and Jochen Steffen's sketches regional Umgangssprachen (Ruhrdeutsch, North German Missingsch) serve as sociolects. Dialect may also function as a means of alienation (Verfremdung). In his cabaret scenes, Emil Steinberger uses Swiss German dialect words and sounds as a tool of comedy. Here transphonation is used to evoke comical effects. The very famous British TV sitcom "Allo-allo" shows an extreme form of transphonation when police officer Crabtree who "only thinks he speaks French" bids hallo saying "Good Moaning" and produces phrases like "I have good nose" ('news'), "my mither-in-loo" ('mother-in-law'), "the bitteries for the rodeo" ('the batteries for the radio') or "they are farting for freedom" ('fighting ...').

More on language history and dialect as targets of science

Hugo's "Renner" of  1300 mentions regional variants without claiming to be scientific. When Martin Luther made his Bible translations his "Sendbrief" reflects on phenomena and principles of transforming one language to another. When his thoughts spread wide and people in some regions could not understand specific utterances there was the need for glossaries which could help. 1532 Adam Petri's glossary for Luther's NT translation appeared, 1555 Konrad Gesner published a Swabian-Swiss German word list, and the 17th century gave birth to many so-called Idiotica , i.e. regional dialect dictionaries. In the first half of the 19th century comprehensive anthologies appeared and Johann Andreas Schmeller's "Karte der Mundarten Bayerns" (1821) marked the beginning of what was called linguistic geography (time table see here and here). We owe to this scientific branch nearly all we know about the existence and typology of the regional and local German dialects. Linguistic geography is the art of showing variation of any kind (regarding phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, phraseology, syntax) in defined locations within a geographic mesh or net. Normally a neutral map serves as a basic layer; it contains all locations in question which are then marked according to the individual data found there. If optimally laid out this map can show, even at first sight, variation constituting what you can call a dialect. On the other hand it may be difficult to set waypoints for every language or dialect in question. As any sort of variation can be demonstrated on maps the term "thematic geography" was created. If skilfully designed, those maps are well apt for didactic purposes in all fields of education.

While Karl Bernhardi's "Sprachkarte von Deutschland" of 1843 represents a second prototype of linguistic geography it was 25-year-old philologist and elementary teacher Georg Wenker who, in his article on the Rhenish Platt (1877), demonstrated his stunning knowledge on all kinds of and variations in the local dialects of the large Rhine Province. Wenker wanted to systematically explore the Rhenish dialects referring to whether they obeyed the phonetic laws which had been established by the so-called Junggrammatiker (New Grammarians). For this he invented a set of  40 standardized phrases containing all relevant phenomena regarding phonation and morphology where variation of any kind could be expected. Here are some of these Wenker phrases together with their Dutch and English equivalents:

1. D     Im Winter fliegen die trockenen Blätter in der Luft herum.     ==> new: text-aloud reading (3.4.2k8)
    NL  In de winter vliegen de droge bladeren door de lucht.
    E     In winter the dry leaves are flying around in the air.  

2.        Es hört gleich auf zu schneien, dann wird das Wetter wieder besser.
           Het houdt straks op te sneeuwen, dan wordt het weer weer beter.
           It will stop snowing soon, then the weather will get better.

3.        Tu Kohlen in den Ofen, damit die Milch bald zu kochen anfängt.
           Doe kolen op de kachel, dat de melk gauw begint te koken.
           Put coals in the oven (so) that the milk will start boiling soon.

7.        Er ißt die Eier immer ohne Salz und Pfeffer.
           Hij eet de eieren steeds zonder zout en peper.
           He always eats the eggs without salt and pepper.

16.      Du bist noch nicht groß genug, um eine Flasche Wein allein auszutrinken, du mußt erst noch wachsen und größer werden.
           Jij bent nog niet groot genoeg om een fles wijn leeg te drinken, je moet eerst nog een beetje groeien en groter worden.
           You aren't tall enough yet to empty a bottle of wine; you have to grow a bit and get taller first.

In the framework of the Deutsche Sprachatlas or other projects these Wenker phrases (vocabulary see here) have been used up to the present day; thus serving as a tertium comparationis, a common base for comparing linguistic variants. Our phrase No. 16 will be used later on to demonstrate the sound of variants in the main German-speaking areas. Regarding, as the Junggrammatiker did, the German language as a "Germanic dialect" and using English as a reference system we can compare the real German dialects with the English language because most of them are closely related to it, not only in the sense of phonetics but also with regard to vocabulary and syntax. So a person who does not know German or can hardly understand its standard will be able to understand at least part of its dialects.

Drawing his Sprachatlas der Rheinprovinz Wenker discovered two phenomena: 1. there was no uniform sound shift in all sub-areas (as is shown in the "Rhenish Fan", see right, taken from LOEFFLER, Probleme der Dialektologie, S. 28), 2. dialects differ not only with regard to phonation but also as far as morphology, vocabulary, phraseology and sometimes also syntax are concerned. Further studies on areal diversity produced a lot of impressive examples in these fields such as Gaul (from french cheval), Hengst (a Frisian word), Roß (with inverted /r/ in engl. horse), Mähre (engl. mare) and others for "Pferd" (which comes from Middle Latin paraveredus 'battle horse') or, as the German Word Atlas showed, a lot of lexical variants for "Ameise" (ant). In his Word Atlas (Wortatlas der deutschen Umgangssprachen. Bd. I/II [1977/78] III [1993], IV [2000]) Jürgen Eichhoff showed that similar differences can be also detected in the German Umgangssprachen.

Wenker sent his questionnaire to every location, asking the teacher in question to translate, with the help of his pupils, the phrases into the local dialect. On page 2 the teacher was asked to give his personal data and to answer some questions referring to special words and traditions in his location. As we can conclude from the above questionnaire of Borna near Leipzig 1. most of the sheets were filled out in an old handwriting called Sütterlin, 2. the research area later on comprised all of the German speaking territory, which meant that at last more than 40.000 questionnaires had to be evaluated; neither Georg Wenker (who died in 1911) nor his successors (Wrede, Mitzka, Schmitt) could complete this task. About 1.500 coloured maps were painted of which only 128 could be printed from 1927 to 1956. Wenker's method uses an indirect way of data retrieval, that means he did not visit the dialect speakers, he did not question them personally, he could not carefully listen to their pronunciation and write it down in a phonetic transcription. So 1. there was no inter-action between the explorer and the speakers, 2. the relevant details of local variants were not given in phonetic notation but only in a sort of standardized written German. This way of data retrieval was subject to severe criticism. 120 years later Juergen Schmidt and his team created the Digitale Wenkeratlas. Comparing Wenker's findings with modern data they soon found out that the Sprachatlas questionnaires produced much more exactitude in documentation than had been maintained by the critics. The Deutsche Sprachatlas is the only linguistic atlas documenting data of each and every individual location where German is spoken and taught. As the first and foremost example it finally served as a model of linguistic geography; dialect atlases were published all over the world; in Japan, a most intensive research on dialects was initiated. The first linguistic atlas in two volumes (phonology and morphology) appeared as early as 1905–06. The Cercle dialectologique du Japon, the Nihon Gengo-Chizu (Linguistic Atlas of Japan, Tokyo 1966-1974), the Grammar Atlas of Japanese dialects (GAJ), and the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ, 1999-2003) follow this tradition which led to innovative methods such as the System of Exhibition and Analysis of Linguistic Data (SEAL).

Walther Mitzka's Deutscher Wortatlas (part of map "Anemone" on the right) is equally ambitious and comprehensive; initiated in 1939, it was published in 22 vols up to 1980 and bases on 47.000 questionnaires which had been sent to the respective towns and villages (including German speaking Switzerland, Luxemburg the Netherlands) containing at least one institution where a teacher and his pupils could supply information with regard to lexical variety in the 200 words in question. One by-product of this research is a lot of phonetic variance which may be seen in the word lists. As the Sprachatlas the Word Atlas, too, was taken as an example for geolinguistic research (see bibliography and other related parts of my website).

The Sprachatlas and Wortatlas being too complicated, there was the need of creating a sort of handy instrument for showing the most striking differences in the German dialect landscape. So, in 1970, Werner H. Veith and Wolfgang Putschke decided to create the so-called Kleiner Deutscher Sprachatlas (see here) which bases on 6.000 reference locations the data of which were computationally analyzed and processed by Veith and his team so that Vols. 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 and 2.2 could be published from 1984 to 1999.

At the beginning of the 21th century we have, at last, the technical resources needed for scanning and printing Wenker's large multi-colour hand-painted dialect maps and for uploading them into the Internet to make them known world-wide. Initiated by Jürgen Erich Schmidt in 2000 and processed in a special geographic information laboratory, the Digital Wenker Atlas now comprises one Terabyte of data and is regarded as the most significant and voluminous contemporary project of linguistic geography. As far as sound recordings are available they will be integrated into the project, each Wenker phrase being tagged into sub-units so that phrases or parts of them can be selected. Each location being correctly positioned, the DiWA is a high-precision work of geodatics, thus enabling other thematical maps to be overlayed. With Wenker's data the DiWA documents a synchronic stage of linguistic development which may be contrasted to recent data and thus show diachronic trends and contrasts.
(Lit.: Eckhard Eggers (ed.): Moderne Dialekte, neue Dialektologie: Akten des 1. Kongresses der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Dialektologie des Deutschen (IGDD) am Forschungsinstitut für deutsche Sprache "Deutscher Sprachatlas" der Philipps-Universität Marburg vom 5. - 8. März 2003 [Modern Dialects - Modern Dialectology: Proceedings of the First Congress of the International Society of German Dialectology, 5th to 8th March 2003, at the Research Institute for German Language "Deutscher Sprachatlas" at Philipps-Universitaet Marburg]. Stuttgart 2005)

The acoustical approach

"As far as regions are concerned Germans differ in the tempo of speaking, in dynamics and musical accents" (Die landschaftliche Wesensart deutscher Menschen äußert sich etwa in dem hier und dort verschiedenen Tempo der Rede, im dynamischen und musikalischen Akzent)
Adolf Bach, Deutsche Mundartforschung, 3. Aufl. Heidelberg 1969, p. 288

Whereas written documentation (see my transcriptions) shows phonematically and morphologically relevant dialect structures even the most precise API transcription is unable to demonstrate a dialect unless a competent native speaker transforms the written "score" into adequate phonation. Individual speech bases on normally unwritten data called suprasegmentals, i.e. stress, force of articulation, pitch and intonation which altogether constitute the prosody of speech. You know the falling and rising tune in English sentences and you further know the important rule of pitch or tone in Chinese. If you get familiar with German dialects these prosodic data will signalize where an individual speaker is to be located, for, as you can hear in our samples, every region has its individual intonation scheme which may serve as shibboleth.

One example of regional intonation is the so-called "Rheinische Schärfung" (see here; a term meaning a specially singing way of speech, KELLER calls it correption, in the Öcher Platt, the Aachen dialect, it means a short delay before a voiceless double consonant e.g. za-ppe, po-che) which you hear in the recording of Rath Heumar (Porz am Rhein, K'9,4+9) which was made in 1936 for the "Lautdenkmal reichsdeutscher Mundarten".

Speech and music

Speech and music have a lot in common evidence of which can be found in numerous 'musical' sayings and expressions enriching the German language. Der Ton, is said, macht die Musik which means that you have to play the exact notes when performing in a concert or, as often translated, it's not what you say but how you say it. The way of producing a linguistic utterance is what constitutes an individual dialect. The way of speaking, be it hectic, uncertain or balanced, generally serves as sort of fingerprint of the speaker's personality. We are used to be assessed from how we speak, especially in a situation where the other side cannot see the gestures and facial expressions underlining what we intend to convey when we communicate on the phone or to a blind person. What we say will then be accepted or rejected due to the vocabulary we use and due to the prosodic way, the tone, the accent, the melody of our utterance. The more dynamic and melodious we speak the more impressive this will be to the person who hears it.

It is the dialects which use all their phonetic and lexical instrumentarium to convey not only sober facts but also a whole range of emotions. This emotional competence, this tonal strength still makes them so impressive.

A few samples may demonstrate how dialectal speech may correspond to musical variation. Let me first refer to Antonio Vivaldi's (1678-1741) concerto for two violins and strings op. 3,8 (RV 522) from his cycle "L'estro armonico". The initial sequence of the first movement is presented as a midi file which tries to emulate how it may sound played by a harpsichord // or with higher speed:
The original baroque version for strings is performed

Our second sample is the ouverture to Bach's Easter Oratory;

From that we can conclude:

  1. a musical theme (a melody) is presented with reference to
    a) phrasing (i.e. tempi and accentuation)
    b) instrumentation (i.e. whether played in the original way or as transcribed for other instruments)
    c) ornamentation (i.e. whether additional ornaments, e.g. coloratures or trills are inserted which the baroque musician was entitled to do in the act of playing)
  2. following [1a] to [1c] a piece of music is being interpreted in a way corresponding to the conductor's and / or the players' notions which may be influenced by their cultural environment as well as historical aspects with regard to how this piece of music was played in the period where it originated. So, when Felix-Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1809 - 1847) re-discovered and re-performed Bach's St. Matthew Passion you can be sure it happened in a way different from how Bach did it in Leipzig's Thomaskirche. Music critics use expressions like romantic conceptions in constructing organs or discuss the faithfulness to the original when referring to a historically informed performance.

We can use this when reflecting upon speech, especially dialect variation. A standard language Wenker phrase like

Du bist noch nicht groß genug, um eine Flasche Wein allein auszutrinken, du mußt erst noch wachsen und größer werden.

corresponds to our musical theme in its original notation as we heard it in the midi file. When we hear dialectal variants like

26789 Leer (East Frisia) or Mamer nr. Luxembourg (Luxemburgish, Lëtzebuergesch)

we can analyze them using the above mentioned criteria [1a] to [1c] where
       1a) phrasing corresponds with the suprasegmentals (stress, force of articulation, pitch)
       1b) instrumentation may be compared to the phonological characteristics (dialect phonation) and
       1c) ornamentation with the morphological features in word formation and inflection

we have to add some phenomena which are not included in music:
       1d) lexical variation (e.g. Gaul / Roß / Mähre for Pferd)
       1e) idiomatic variation (e.g. do legst di nieder or do leckst mi am Orsch for 'I am stunned')
       1f)  syntactical variation (e.g. gestern war ich in Darmstadt gewesen where the south Hessian dialect uses past perfect instead of past tense)
              or: gestern habe ich hier keinen Menschen nicht gesehen (double negation such as in Bavarian)

Dialect samples
Here is our Wenker phrase No. 16:

We listen to the following samples, comparing them to their English and Dutch equivalents which, as you will hear, have a lot in common with the Low German dialect forms so that you will be able to understand them even if you normally don't understand German:

  1. Lindholm bei 25899 Niebüll - North Frisian
  2. 26789 Leer (Ostfriesland)  - East Frisian
  3. St. Annen bei 25746 Heide - Dithmarsian, cf.. Klaus Groth
  4. 26160 Bad Zwischenahn-Rostrup - Ammerlandian
  5. 26676 Barßel-Harkebrügge - Northern Low German
  6. 23966 Wismar - Mecklenburg Pomoranian (formerly GDR)
  7. Pyritz / Langenhagen - Central Pomoranian (now Polish territory)
  8. Hammerstein / Schlochau - East Pomoranian (now Polish)
  9. Eisenbarth / Bartenstein (Bartoszyce) - Low Prussian (now Polish)
  10. Gumbinnen (Gusew) - Low Prussian, see above (Ostpreußen)
  11. Allenstein (Olsztyn) - High Prussian (with p/t/k shift)
  12. Großhain bei Waldenburg - Low Silesian (now Polish)
  13. Kuhnern Krs. Neumarkt - Low Silesian II
  14. 59227 Ahlen-Vorhelm b. Münster i.W. - Westphalian I (Mönsterlänsk Platt)
  15. 34508 Willingen - Westphalian II (Waldeckian Upland)
  16. 34477 Twistetal-Berndorf - Westphalian III (Waldeck, Twiste valley)
  17. Groß Brunsrode b. 38100 Braunschweig - Eastphalian
  18. 52428 Jülich-Lich-Steinstraß - Ripuarian
  19. 54518 Altrich / Wittlich - Moselle Franconian (werden = günn)
  20. Mamer b. Luxembourg - Luxemburgish (Lëtzebuergesch, werden = ginn)
  21. 04808 Wurzen bei Leipzig - Upper Saxon (formerly: DDR)
  22. 09456 Annaberg - Upper Erzgebirgish; see also Schwarzenberg (süffeln = 'drink' as in [21])

Comparing German, English and Dutch

           Du bist noch nicht groß genug, um eine Flasche Wein allein auszutrinken, du mußt erst noch wachsen und größer werden.
           Jij bent nog niet groot genoeg om een fles wijn leeg te drinken, je moet eerst nog een beetje groeien en groter worden.
           You aren't tall enough yet to empty a bottle of wine; you have to grow a bit and get taller first.

we now hear the following samples:

  1. Armsfeld südl. 34557 Bad Wildungen - Northern Hessian; cf. 35066 Frankenberg-Geismar
  2. 34633 Ottrau-Immichenhain (Link1, 2) - Low Hessian: Eastern Schwalm; Wein > Wing
  3. 35274 Kirchhain-Großseelheim - Central Hessian I
  4. 35043 Marburg-Bortshausen - Central Hessian II
  5. Stockhausen b. 36341 Lauterbach - Eastern Hessian
  6. 60323 Frankfurt/Main (-Bornheim) - Frankfurt urban language
  7. 68649 Groß-Rohrheim - Southern Hessian
  8. 67472 Esthal b.Lambrecht, Pfälzer Wald - Palatinate
  9. 76227 Karlsruhe-Durlach - Southern Rhenish Franconian, Badisch
  10. 72213 Altensteig - Swabian I (West S., Nordschwarzwald)
  11. 72793 Pfullingen bei Tübingen - Swabian II  (Central S.;Inf. -trinket as in [16e])
  12. 71696 Möglingen Kr.Ludwigsburg - Swabian III
  13. 88161 Lindenberg - Schwäbisch IV (West Allgäu; =>|Central Alemannic)
  14. 86424 Dinkelscherben b. Augsburg - Swabian V (=>|Central Alemannic)
  15. Garitz bei 97688 Bad Kissingen - East Franconian I (Low Franconia)
  16. 91301 Forchheim bei 90402 Nürnberg - East Franconian II (Upper Franconia)
  17. Kruppach südl. 92318 Neumarkt / Obf. - North Bavarian (04/90, taken from the Linguistic Atlas of North East Bavaria)
  18. Mauern bei 85368 Moosburg - Central Bavarian I (Holledau; => location)
  19. 83661 Lenggries (=> 83676 Jachenau) - Central Bavarian II (in the Jachenau)
  20. A-9300 St. Veit a.d. Glan bei Klagenfurt - Southern Bavarian I (Austria, Central Carinthia)
  21. A-6632 Ehrwald  Bezirk Reutte/Tirol - Southern Bavarian II (Austria, Tyrolia)
  22. Pfunders bei Brixen (Bressanone) - Southern Bavarian III (Northern Italy, South Tyrolia)

Comparing German, English and Dutch

           Du bist noch nicht groß genug, um eine Flasche Wein allein auszutrinken, du mußt erst noch wachsen und größer werden.
           Jij bent nog niet groot genoeg om een fles wijn leeg te drinken, je moet eerst nog een beetje groeien en groter worden.
           You aren't tall enough yet to empty a bottle of wine; you have to grow a bit and get taller first.

let us listen to our last samples:

  1. Pladen / I-32047 Sappada (Belluno) - Southern Bavarian IV (North Italy, Veneto, Eastern Dolomites)
  2. F-68200 Mulhouse (Mühlhausen) - Low Alemannic
  3. Elsässerdietsch = as a second language of a Francophonian
  4. # Oberhomberg bei 88662 Überlingen - Central Alemannic
  5. CH-4416 Bubendorf (Baselland) - High Alemannic (Baseldütsch) -[k]-
  6. CH-4538 Oberbipp / Bern - High Alemannic (Bärndütsch)  -[kx]-
    --------- German dialects in foreign countries ----------
  7. Gnadenhutten / Ohio - Pennsylvania German I, rec. by W. Näser, Marburg 26.4.2001
  8. Winnipeg / Manitoba - Mennonite-Plautdietsch, rec. by WN, Marburg 1986, rev. 8/98
  9. bei Hermannstadt (Sibiu) - Siebenbuergen Saxonian, rec. by WN, Marburg 6.6.2001

Samples No. 3 and 7 were produced by persons who learned the dialect as a target (foreign) language

Our samples were to show how rich the arsenal of German dialects has been up to the present and how striking the differences are that can be heard. Let us sum up:

As for other data and findings please refer to my homepage. You will find historical samples of German dialects in the 1930's in the so-called Lautdenkmal reichsdeutscher Mundarten, a series of ca. 300 recordings which was neglected for decades but did not deserve that at all because it represents the first acoustical documentation of German dialects from all main regions in a technically acceptable sound quality. Though these recordings were made seventy years ago most of them sound pretty good especially when re-mastered with the help of computational methods and algorithms. This leads us to the last aspect of our talk, namely the question of how dialect samples can be generated and presented in a way affordable not only to research institutions but also to individuals using relatively modest equipment as I did with regard to the samples in my website.

When Georg Wenker planned and started his Linguistic Atlas there wasn't yet any equipment capable of recording speech in a way you could clearly perceive or even present. Edison's phonograph, the "talking machine" of 1877, could only record some low frequency sounds and the reproduction was scratchy so you could hardly guess what had been recorded. Even 25 years later there was no significant improvement which you can realize listening to Austrian emperor Franz Joseph's recording of 1903. When Wenker's successor Ferdinand Wrede had his memorable speech on Language and Nationality phonographed in 1926 some very important innovations were to appear. Sound recording changed from mechanical to electrically amplified processing and, in 1928, Georg Neumann invented his revolutionary condenser microphone which, from then on, has been providing excellent full-range audio quality in all possible cases. In 1935 the German firm AEG (Telefunken) presented another innovation, the tape recorder which was optimized in 1940 when Braunmühl and Weber invented pre-magnetization which enabled recording the full audio spectrum on magnetic tape so that, in 1943, the German Reichsrundfunkgesellschaft could carry out the first high fidelity stereo recordings. As early as 1936 and 1937 the Lautdenkmal reichsdeutscher Mundarten had been produced using the then most sophisticated microphone and gramophone recording equipment. In our days recording speech does no longer need heavy and complicated equipment. The little Sharp Minidisk recorder with the plug-in electret condenser mike on the left is more than sufficient to do this job as you could hear in my japanese samples which were mastered with the help of my notebook. When you want to record music or speech in stereo mode the so-called Jecklin disk would be the best choice. It consists of a wooden disk of ca. 25 cm in diameter and an omnidirectional ECM on either side. With the home-made version on the right I could produce more than 800 live recordings on analogue and digital cassettes ranging from chamber music to Mahler's 8th symphony with over 350 performers. Stereophonic speech recording is the perfect way of documenting dialects when you have speakers with different variants and when you place them on either side of the disk which helps decoding and differentiating their utterances.

To decode speech you must be able to perceive the formants of those consonants, vowels and diphthongs which constitute the meaning of a word or phrase. Generally we have to differentiate between acoustical (that is: organic) and mental perception. In the different stages of your hearing apparatus you perceive sound which, as an analogue signal, is then neurally conducted to a sort of black box where it is digitized and led to a part of the brain where it is decoded with a set of algorithms that we acquire and perfect in the course of our lifetime. Let us regard the sounds of  /f/ and /s/ such as in the German minimal pair gereift / gereist (das Korn ist nun gereift 'ripened' / Herr Korn ist nun abgereist 'departed'). The Germans have no problems in differentiating between these two phonemena even if they are not reproduced in a technically sufficient way. The reason for that is that those practicing their maternal language use a sort of internal error correction based on linguistic competence. If a foreign language is concerned (which most of the German dialects will seem to be) you need all those distinctive formants otherwise some speech signals will be too misleading to be clearly interpreted. So when you demonstrate complex phonation sequences you have to use an equipment capable of reproducing a bandwidth containing room enough for all critical sounds and overtones which transport the message in question. In the case of speech a frequency range of about 200 to 4.000 Hertz may be sufficient which means that you can present your samples even with a considerably high rate of compression as it is used by algorithms like Real Audio, MP3, WMA and others. There are a lot of respective samples in my homepage. My collection Varieties of German offers 57 samples from all main German speaking areas in a compression rate of over 20; the resulting audio quality is, nevertheless, very near to the linear PCM recordings.

From the end of 1996 I made a lot of experiments with compression algorithms. Let me finally present to you a case of most extreme speech compression. Using a one-point stereo microphone I recorded the 40 Wenker phrases with a Central Hessian speaker on a SONY cassette tape recorder TCD-5M, then I transcoded the signal to mono and compressed it to Real Audio using a sampling frequency of only 5 kHz. That means a compression factor of around 280 where every recorded second needs only 600 Bytes to be realized. So all the 40 Wenker phrases are contained in only 133.300 Bytes (*.ra) resp. 215.496 Bytes (Fraunhofer *.mp3); when you hear them it sounds a bit narrow but you can still perceive all those phonetic features which constitute the Central Hessian Mundart of Großseelheim near Marburg, and that is, I think, a real achievement of sound compression and data processing.

So we are at the end of today's journey to the colourful landscape of German dialects. If there had not been those fascinating 1.300 years of German language history the dialects would not have emerged. Even nowadays, in our days of digitization, of computers, supersonic planes and aerospace you can hear a lot of dialects when traveling around Germany. These dialects are part of our history, part of our culture and our way of life. They are the linguistic garden of our culture with flowers of so many different sorts and origins. You can discover a lot and it will never be dull or boring to walk around here. It was my intention to only give you some modest impressions of that, and let me close with the hope that some sounds you heard to-day will keep ringing in your ears when I shall sit in a wonderful ANA plane on my way back to Germany. Sayonara.

Subject to change - all rights reserved.
c) W. Näser - rev.: 7.8.2013